Dental disease is a common health issue but often overlooked in cats. It’s estimated that over 70% of cats will develop some form of dental disease by the age of three. Left untreated, dental issues can lead to significant pain, infection, and even affect a cat’s overall health. This article explores the common dental problems in cats, their symptoms, complications, and the best ways to prevent and manage them.

What is Dental Disease in Cats?

Dental disease (periodontal disease) is the inflammation or infection of the tissues surrounding a cat’s teeth. It can range from mild gingivitis (gum inflammation) to severe periodontitis, which can cause tooth loss and other systemic health issues.

Common Dental Problems in Cats

Gingivitis:

• • Gingivitis is the early stage of periodontal disease and involves inflammation of the gums caused by plaque buildup. If left untreated, it can progress to more severe dental issues.
  • Symptoms: Red, swollen gums that may bleed easily, bad breath, and discomfort while eating.

Periodontitis:

• • Periodontitis is an advanced stage of dental disease where the inflammation extends below the gum line, causing damage to the soft tissue and bone that support the teeth, leading to tooth loss.
  • Symptoms: Receding gums, loose or missing teeth, persistent bad breath, and difficulty eating.

Tooth Resorption:

• • Feline tooth resorption is when the body breaks down and absorb the structure of the tooth. It is painful and can affect any tooth, leading to loss of tooth structure and eventually tooth loss.
  • Symptoms: Drooling, difficulty eating, pawing at the mouth, and tooth loss.

Tartar and Plaque Buildup:

• • Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth. If not removed, it hardens into tartar (calculus), which can lead to gingivitis and periodontitis.
  • Symptoms: Yellow or brown buildup on teeth, inflamed gums, and bad breath.

Stomatitis:

• • Stomatitis is a painful inflammation of the entire mouth lining, often associated with immune system issues. It can be a severe condition that requires aggressive treatment.
  • Symptoms: Pain when eating, excessive drooling, bleeding gums, and reluctance to eat.

Fractured Teeth:

• • Cats can fracture their teeth from trauma or chewing on hard objects. Broken teeth can expose the nerve, causing significant pain and potentially leading to infection.
  • Symptoms: Sudden pain, reluctance to chew, pawing at the mouth, and visible damage to teeth.

Oral Tumors:

• • Although rare, cats can develop benign or malignant tumors in the mouth. For successful treatment, early detection is a must.
  • Symptoms: Swelling in the mouth or face, difficulty eating, bad breath, and bleeding.

Problems Associated with Dental Disease

Chronic Pain:

• • Dental disease can cause persistent discomfort or pain, particularly with advanced periodontitis, tooth resorption, or stomatitis. This can affect a cat’s ability to eat and lead to behavioral changes.

Difficulty Eating:

• • Painful dental issues may cause cats to avoid eating or to chew on only one side of the mouth. If not addressed, it may result in weight loss and malnutrition.

Infection:

• • Bacteria from dental infections can enter the bloodstream, leading to potentially serious complications such as infections in the heart, kidneys, and liver.

Tooth Loss:

• • Untreated dental disease can lead to tooth loss, which affects a cat’s ability to eat properly and can impact their quality of life.

Systemic Health Issues:

• • The bacteria associated with periodontal disease can spread to other parts of the body, potentially causing heart disease, kidney problems, and respiratory issues.

Solutions for Preventing and Managing Dental Disease

Regular Veterinary Dental Checkups:

• • Cats should receive regular dental checkups during routine veterinary visits. A vet can detect early signs of dental disease and recommend appropriate treatments.

Professional Dental Cleanings:

• • Professional cleanings performed by a veterinarian are crucial for removing tartar and plaque buildup. These cleanings are usually done under anesthesia to ensure thorough cleaning below the gum line.

Daily Brushing:

• • Regular tooth brushing at home is one of the most effective ways to prevent dental disease. Use cat-specific toothbrushes and toothpaste, as human toothpaste can be harmful to cats. Gradually introduce brushing into your cat’s routine to make it a stress-free experience.

Dental-Friendly Diets:

• • Special dental diets or dental treats can help reduce plaque and tartar buildup. These products are designed to clean the teeth as the cat chews.

Dental Chews and Toys:

• • Providing dental chews or toys can help reduce tartar buildup. These products encourage chewing, which can help keep the teeth clean.

Water Additives:

• • Dental water additives can be added to a cat’s water bowl to help reduce bacteria and improve oral health. However, regular brushing shouldn’t be replaced.

Treating Advanced Dental Disease:

• • Tooth Extraction: In cases of severe periodontitis, tooth resorption, or stomatitis, extraction of affected teeth may be necessary to relieve pain and prevent further complications.
  • Antibiotics: Infections may require a course of antibiotics to control bacterial growth and prevent systemic spread.
  • Pain Management: Cats with painful dental conditions may require pain relief medications, especially after dental procedures.

Monitor for Signs of Dental Issues:

• • Regularly check your cat’s mouth for any signs of dental disease, such as red or swollen gums, bad breath, or changes in eating behavior. Detecting it earlier prevents more serious complications.

Prognosis for Cats with Dental Disease

With early detection and proper treatment, cats with dental disease can live comfortable and healthy lives. However, untreated dental issues can lead to severe pain, tooth loss, and systemic health problems. Preventive care, including regular dental checkups, professional cleanings, and daily home care, is the best way to ensure long-term dental health.

Conclusion

Dental disease is a common but serious problem for cats. Regular dental care, including professional cleanings and home care, can prevent or manage dental problems effectively. By being proactive about your cat’s oral health, you can help them avoid pain and discomfort, while also improving their overall quality of life and longevity.